The Importance of Public Speaking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Importance of Public Speaking - Essay Example The speakers could engage their audience members in various manners, for example, taking the assistance of diversion, talking in a genuine way, utilizing visual guides to add claim to their discourse, including (or evacuating) feelings out of their voice and timing the discourse in a viable way. The pace of discourse conveyance (that is words every moment) ought to be pondered with the goal that each individual could obviously hear every one of your words. The speaker should focus on his pitch and emphasis and work over voice balance to request most elevated consideration from the crowd. Fuse of vocal assortment in discourses is compelling quirk of catching crowd eye. Stops likewise have extraordinary noteworthiness in discourses and you should realize how to effectively utilize them. While giving us breathing space, stops likewise help strengthen the topic with the crowd allowing them to retain and ponder over issues of outcome. In this way, the speaker should utilize the delay with care drawing out most extreme favorable position out of it. The voice volume ought to likewise be controlled with the goal that everybody in the room hears your voice while you are not sounding boisterous in their ears. Enunciation must be rehearsed so every word is verbally expressed with clearness. The words should likewise be articulated accurately in the standard request of language. Outward appearances aid discourse conveyance. Be that as it may, you have to pick in advance which outward appearance would suit your discourse and practice on it. At long last, the speaker should rehearse before hand his discourse conveyance technique so when the day of Speech is a fine art that improves with training so the speakers should rehearse the specialty of discourse giving in private just as in broad daylight to ace it and become compelling open speakers. Over the span of discourse giving the conveyance ought to be balanced as and when required so the message is passed on to the crowd in a reasonable way. Furthermore, in conclusion, attempt to look at your crowd

Bipolar Disorder Essay Example

Bipolar Disorder Essay Example Bipolar Disorder Paper Bipolar Disorder Paper 2006, p. 18). Likewise, the confusion happens in the two people (National Institute of Mental Health, 2008). At the principal scene of bipolar issue, men experience hyper scenes while ladies encounters sadness. The more serious danger of the turmoil rests among individuals younger than thirty than among the more established individuals. Normally, the turmoil rises in the late puberty or youth and is further dynamic. However, now and again the manifestations vanish during a procedure of early mental turn of events. Up until now, the treatment that has been acquainted are just with improve the indications, to forestall hospitalizations, improve the personal satisfaction and guarantee the recuperation of a person to arrive at a typical working level (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2008). One method of treating the confusion is by building up a treatment plan which includes a group of the clinical experts, family, and a youngster tolerant (Kidshealth, 2008). Through this, the patient is given drug, for example, temperament stabilizer and guiding, and checking of the patients condition. A state of mind balancing out specialist, for example, lithium, valproate, and carbamezepine are normally used to balance out temperament. Lithium is successful in treating hyper and sadness scenes with capacity of forestalling conceivable reoccurrence (National Center for Biotechnology Information, 2008). Valproate, and carbamezepine are additionally intended for hyper scenes even in serious states. In any case, examines show that a portion of these balancing out operators can cause hormone changes particularly among high school young ladies. Broad utilization may likewise prompt potential complexities. Different medicines for bipolar turmoil additionally incorporate family treatment which is finished by decreasing pain level inside the family. Intellectual conduct treatment may likewise diminish the side effects of the turmoil by changing the negative musings into positive contemplations. Moreover, relational and social beat treatment by improving the relational relationship and expanding the capacity to perform is likewise applied to treat the confusion. Moreover, it is fundamental that the patient and his family be instructed about the turmoil, its indications, and the way toward beating it with the goal that the patient won't be misconstrued as crazy. References Albrecht, A. T. , Moore, D. P. , Herrick, C. (2006). 100 Questions and Answers about Bi-Polar (Manic-Depressive) Disorder. Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Basco, M. R. Surge, J. (2005). Intellectual conduct Therapy for Bipolar Disorder. New York: The Guilford Press. Blunt, E. (2005). Treating Bipolar Disorder: A Clinicians Guide to Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Theraphy. New York: The Guilford Press. Helmut P. R. , Riedel, E. M. , Heiby, S. K. (2001). Mental Behaviorism: Theory of Bipolar Disorder. The Psychological Record, Vol. 51. Hirschfeld, M. A. (2002). The Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients with Bipolar Disorder. American Psychiatric Pub. , Inc. Kidshealth. organization. (2008). Bipolar Disorder. Recovered June 11, 2008, from kidshealth. organization/youngster/your_mind/mental_health/bipolar. html. MedicineNet. com. (2008). Bipolar Disorder. Recovered June 11, 2008, from medterms. com/content/primary/workmanship. asp? articlekey=2468 National Center for Biotechnology Information. (2008). Characterizing and accomplishing the recuperation from bipolar confusion. Recovered June 11, 2008, from ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/16965184? dopt=AbstractPlus

Differences and Comparisons of Ethics Essay

At the point when we consider morals, we consider two words, fortunate or unfortunate. Through the historical backdrop of our reality, rationalists and researchers have concocted a few musings that incorporate a framework that we can use to figure out who and what is positive or negative. As a populace, we can utilize these various terms and kinds of moral hypothesis to figure out which style, structure, or conduct of morals fits with our convictions and culture. A portion of these various kinds of speculations incorporate temperance hypothesis, utilitarianism, and deontological morals. In spite of the fact that these all fall into the class of a hypothesis of morals and may appear to be comparable, they are likewise totally different. When taking a gander at the excellence hypothesis of morals, we can see that the term character can be utilized in the spot of temperance. As indicated by Ben (2007), the excellence hypothesis has attaches that compass back to the hour of Plato. Plato, and the prudence hypothesis, recommend that all people would be upbeat in the event that they would just handle the interminable Form of the Good as their rule. As opposed to the uprightness hypothesis, the utilitarianism hypothesis proposes that an individual present or have conduct of useful for the whole group or gathering. One of the issues related with this hypothesis as indicated by Boylan (2009) is that for any ethical hypothesis to work in a gathering, the gathering must initially go to certain terms of a general understanding. Knowing this and thinking on this announcement, there are barely any occasions throughout my life where a group or gathering of individuals meet up on any thought and concur on its sum. The deontological hypothesis propose a differentiating thought to the next two speculations, it recommends that there are includes inside the activities of the person that decide if it is correct or not. The main hypothesis was about the character of the individual, the subsequent hypothesis was about a gathering of people, this hypothesis includes the activities of an individual. The deontological hypothesis likewise recommends that an individual may accept that sincere goals are a higher priority than the outcomes. One individual experienceâ that rings a bell when expounding on these hypotheses. Numerous years back, I worked for an electrical temporary worker, his ethical ideas and mine were not the equivalent. His concept of maintaining a business was to offered a lot of lower than whatever other contractual worker, when truth be told, he got the activity, the work he applied was terrible and the materials were below average. He was unable to see the estimation of the work that w as performed by his representatives, he could have just offered more per work, paid his employees’ compensation that fit their position, and utilized materials that were considered fitting. His prudence or organization statement of purpose was; â€Å"get the activity done as efficiently as possible†. As a representative I can understand the significance of setting aside cash and utilizing marketing prudence to accomplish business orders, nonetheless, intentionally paying workers low wages, utilizing non name brand parts and offering lower than some other contractual worker for each activity is one ethic that I don't concur with. There are seven general moral classes utilized in characterizing the moral qualities and ethics individuals follow. Every class has various subsections and desires for a person’s conduct. A person’s ethics and moral convictions create from a blend of qualities from these different hypotheses; in this way the individual in question doesn't really fit cozily into one class. The main three moral speculations are deontological, utilitarianism, and ideals based morals †these are the hypotheses under assessment. Deontological Theory Also known as ‘duty-based’, ‘categorical imperative’, and ‘The Golden Rule’, deontology centers around â€Å"decisions about what’s right [based] on wide, dynamic all inclusive moral standards or qualities, for example, genuineness, guarantee keeping, reasonableness, steadfastness, rights (to security, protection, and so forth.), equity, duty, empathy, and regard for people and property† (Trevino, 2011, pg. 42). Individuals following this moral class accept moral standards layout the important commitments and obligations †standards created by scriptural or strict convictions and cultural or government laws. A deontological individual doesn't stress over the outcomes of a choice. Their interests center around obligation or good commitments. In an expert limit, the individual adheres to directions of administrators or bosses since it is their obligation to regard authority, regardless of whether the guidelin es are exploitative. Utilitarianism Theory The second most basic classification of moral conduct is additionally known asâ ‘consequence-based’ or ‘teleological ethics’. In this classification, individuals center around choices that bring about the most advantages for the best number of individuals in a general public. Utilitarianism morals applies to a great part of the dynamic in the business world, as an organization applies a push to turn out to be earth dependable and reliable. A trouble that emerges with utilitarianism is that the choices made can't represent each chance. This implies the individual is â€Å"unlikely to show up at a totally exact evaluation of every single future outcome [and] †¦ the privileges of a minority gathering can undoubtedly be yielded to support the majority† (Trevino, 2011, pg. 42). Prudence Ethics Prudence morals will in general fit in more with the deontological classification than with utilitarianism. In this classification, the emphasis is on using sound judgment since it mirrors the kind of individual one needs to be. A decent individual puts forth great choices and applies attempt â€Å"to develop greatness in all that [they] do and all that others do† (Boylan, 2009, pg. 133). In this classification, individuals adopt a customized strategy to dynamic that represents cultural desires as well as for how the individual needs to be seen, concentrating on the demonstration or choice rather than the results. Temperance morals are useful to individuals working in particular expert networks. An expert network or association, for example, doctors or attorneys, has a profoundly evolved set of moral norms. These principles give the individuals from the network rules to follow when attempting to be acceptable good operators. Individual Experience In a betting gambling club, deontological values are significant. In any situation, there are neighborhood, state, and government laws that oversee the exercises inside the club. State guidelines are particularly severe on how workers handle cash and betting chips. As a reconnaissance representative in a nearby gambling club, my deontological morals followed organization and state arrangements. On account of the conceivable legitimate repercussions, I decided to put state guidelines before organization commitments. There were irregularities in how the board dealt with cash †per state rules; documentation was required for each progression simultaneously. At whatever point I saw something completing not entirely orâ inappropriately, I archived each occasion. Following half a month of documentation, I found that the Washington State Gambling Commission delegate had never observed any of the desk work. This implied my prompt chief and the proprietors had covered the administrative work so the organization would not need to make the fundamental changes or potentially face fines for inappropriate treatment of cash. My ethics and qualities caused a moral issue since I realized that the organization was following inappropriate systems yet I additionally realized that advising the agent regarding the missing administrative work and ill-advised taking care of practices could cost me my activity. I decided to follow the more significant level obligations and commitments delineated by the state guidelines with an end goal to forestall the loss of the organization. This decision reverse discharges on me at long last †the executives terminated me since I educated the state agent regarding the issues. End Each moral hypothesis has its own guidelines and desires. There are sub-levels inside every classification that makes much increasingly changed choices. At the point when an individual knows their own qualities and ethics, it is simpler to distinguish which moral classification the person fits into. As such, an individual is progressively mindful of why the person settles on the choices the person does and can see different perspectives all the more plainly. There are various sorts of moral speculations. Moral speculations help to discover how an individual should act towards another or in a circumstance. The different sorts of moral hypotheses enables individuals to characterize what is correct and what's going on and how we make those suspicions. In spite of the fact that the three fundamental speculations of morals have a similar reason they are not quite the same as each other. The ethicalness hypothesis is the moral hypothesis likewise called character morals depends on the less on of what is moral. It depends on close to home conviction and sentiment of character. It â€Å"describes the character of an ethical operator as a main thrust for moral conduct, instead of rules (Wikipedia, 2012). Uprightness morals is character put together and centers with respect to helping individuals build up a superior character quality. As indicated by the content (2009), uprightness morals â€Å"take the perspective that in carrying on with your life you should attempt to develop greatness in all that you do and all that others do. These strengths or temperances are both good and non-moral.† It manages the ethical character of an individual as opposed to what is the more moral activity or what society anticipates from them. Utilitarianism expresses that something isâ morally right in the event that it is for more prominent's benefit of all. It is regularly utilized in the United States government on account of the rule of fulfilling everybody. As per Wikipedia (2012), it is the estimation between what is good and bad without result. An utilitarian is an individual who puts the need of others before their own. They accept that achievement is accomplished in general instead of exclusively. It depends on authentic convictions where the ethical worth depends on the general result. Deontological or â€Å"Duty† morals is the moral hypothesis that depends on one’s obligation to do the righ

Sinful Citizens Protestant Imagery in Chaucers Canterbury Tales - Literature Essay Samples

In 1381, John Wycliffe led a group of people disenchanted with the Catholic Church called the Lollards in an early Protestant movement. In this movement, he attacked the sale of indulgences, pilgrimages, the excessive class hierarchy in the Church, and the low moral and intellectual standards of ordained priests. Although his movement in essence failed, it gave way to future movements by figures such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, and even Henry VIII. It also influenced literature such as Geoffrey Chaucers The Canterbury Tales. The Canterbury Tales themselves are an account of pilgrimage filled with the profane corruption that Wycliffe and others opposed. Through The Canterbury Tales, and in particular the General Prologue, Chaucer uses both the physical and personal traits of the characters, and especially their deficiencies, to support Wycliffes ideas regarding the corruption of the Catholic Church and to encourage future Protestant efforts.One of Chaucers and the Protestants biggest contentions with the Catholic Church was the sale of pardons and indulgences. The pardons excused people from sins on earth and the indulgences paid off some of the time they would have been required to spend post-mortem in purgatory. The Pardoner, the obvious reference to the corrupt and sacrilegious notion of selling redemption, is made into a disgusting character in addition to his sordid occupation. He is described as having hair yelow as wex (677) that droops onto his shoulders in stringy clumps. His face is shaven and smooth, and he is likened to a gelding or a mare (693), a subtle allusion to his effeminacy. His rather repulsive exterior is an accurate representation of the immorality that lies beneath his surface. The Pardoner would stoop to anything to make money. He sang loudly to winne silver, as ful wel coude (715) and sold counterfeit religious relics to innocent people. These depravities further Chaucers slander of the Pardoner himself and pardons in ge neral. Portraying him as a very successful pardoner contrasts with his scummy appearance, and the two depict the treachery that blasphemy can affect on ones life an obvious refute to the benefits of pardons.Another purveyor of pardons, though not as overtly, is the Friar. In his representation of the Friar, Chaucer states that he would quickly give penance to his flock by insinuating that they would earn themselves favor in the next life if they showed charity to poor freres (232) in this life. Through his insinuation and its accompanying guarantee of a degree of exoneration, the friar manages to wheedle money out of unsuspecting Catholics. His theory was Ther as he wiste to have a good pitaunce. For unto a povre ordre for to yive, Is signe that a man is wel yshryve (224-226). In this case, he chose financial gain over the sacred duties he was sworn to as a member of the Church. Through this choice, Chaucer pokes fun at members of the clergy for their use of their position to further their own economic gain. Furthering that statement, the friar, although he technically was forced to beg for his daily bread, is dressed in attire of high quality, belying his status. For ther he was nat lyk a cloistered, With a thredbare cope, as is a povre scoler, But he was lyk a maister or a pope. Of double worstede was his semycope, That rounded as a belle out of the presse (261-265). The Friar, while a religious figure, obviously does not take the Biblical doctrines to heart.Though the Summoner is not a member of the clergy as is the Friar, he also exploited religious principles to suit his own needs. He terrorized random people he encountered with a summons to the ecclesiastical Church, and of cursyng oghte ech gilty man him drede, For curs wol slee right as assoillyng savith (662-3). He wielded this power as a sword, although few blows could be returned, as is evidenced by the bokeleer he maad hym of a cake (670). Chaucer uses the Summoner as a type of allegor y for the fear that Catholics felt at the hands of the clergy and lay people and as another reference to the corruptness associated with the Church. He is a strong contrast to early Renaissance ideas about the value of human life. In fact, he used his concubine in trade for merely a quart of win (651), quite obviously viewing people, and especially lower class people, as a commodity. In this, the Summoner mirrors the Catholic Church as a whole in its use of people as goods to be dealt with in whichever way was most suitable. But his corrupt use of the power vested in him in the Catholic Church is not the end of the Summoners flaws. He is described as red and pimply with boils enveloping his entire face, boils so deeply entrenched in his face that no ointment can rid him of them. He has black, scabby brows resting on narrow, lecherous eyes and a scraggly beard, hairless in places. His breath reeks of garlic, onion and leeks and his pores seep out alcohol. His rather repulsiv e appearance, and especially his skin problems, show that as a result of the corruption of his occupation, he is seemingly rotting from the inside. This display and his refusal to speak anything but Latin when he is drunk seems to be an allegory for the ridiculousness of the Church practices and their eventually destructive end.Chaucer portrays most of the religious figures in this tale as having the underlying and consuming drive for financial success. In contrast to the statutes of the order of monks, our Monk owns property and prides himself on the finer things. One would imagine that the monks of the time were devoted to helping and educating those around them and working as hard as they could to attain the further goals of the Catholic Church as a whole. In contrast, the Monk disdains menial labor and prefers hunting and acquiring wealth to doing anything to benefit society. He shows the extravagance present in even the meanest branch of the Church. He is said to be a mon k, but his dress of fine gray fur and puffy sleeves, his body and his property all tell him to be a lord. He was a lord ful fat and in good point (200). His abundance of horseflesh is nothing but the best and he uses a bridle that men myghte here, Gynglen in a whistlynge wynd als cleere, And eek as loude as dooth the chapel belle (169-171). By making the bridle metal and of high quality, Chaucer is again likening him to a lord, and the reference to its sounding like the chapel belle shows that the Monks loyalties revolve more around his horses than his Church. He represents the excess and personal gain present in the branches of the Catholic Church.As the Monk is likened to a lord, the Prioress tries to be seen as a lady. Her manners are beyond reproach, though almost meticulous to a fault; they reveal the effort behind them. She peyned hire to countrefete cheere, Of court (139-140). She sings beautifully, emulating one of the qualities that would have been well looked upon by higher classes. She is educated in French, as would be most ladies, but her education is from the scole of stratford atte bowe, For frenssh of parys was to hire unknowe (125-126). Through these attempts to better herself, Chaucer is commenting on the clergys quest for greater stature rather than greater faith or piety. However, despite these attempts, the Prioress fails in two ways. The first is something that no measure of training could change and that is her fair ferhee: it was almost a spanne brood (154-155). The broad and low forehead is an unmistakable sign of a lower class. The other is her true ruthlessness. Although she pretends to be affronted by even the merest spilling of blood by even the most paltry animal, she feeds flesh to her dogs. No amount of schooling can completely erase baser human instincts. Her base instincts are Chaucers way of deflating the infallibility of the Catholic clergy and bringing them down to a human level.Though there are other chara cters in the General Prologue that address the corrupting influence of the Catholic Church and the support of Wycliffes ideas, there are more significant inferences to be taken from the affirmative position of characters. It is of note that the characters involved in the Catholic system are the ones corrupted while men of faith that have remained outside the system remain pure.Although technically a man of God, the Parson is a man of the people. In contrast to the Friars position on absolution, the Parson pardons people of their sins because he feels strongly that their souls deserve it. He chooses his faith over money. He sette nat his benefice to hyre, And leet his sheep encombred in the myre (509-510). He is as well if not better educated than the other characters in the Tale, but he uses that power for good. He is poor, but he would rather give of his own money, than excommunicate one who would not tithe. He chooses to set a good example, rather than criticize people for the poor behavior just like his own. He thought, if gold ruste, what shal iren do? For if a preest be foul, on whom we truste, No wonder is a lewed man to ruste; And shame it is, if a prest take keep, A shiten shepherde and a clene sheep. Wel oghte a preest ensample for to yive, By his clennesse, how that his sheep sholde lyve (502-508). The piety of the Parson, a non-ordained priest, shows the purity that lies in religion outside the confines of the crooked Catholic institution. He is Chaucers ideal in a Protestant world; holy, yet not holier-than-thou, giving, responsible and moral. Through the Parson, Chaucer encourages readers to seek to better their souls, not their pocketbooks.The other moral fringe character is the Clerk. The Clerk was denied a bid from a parish and secular employment (293-294). The implied reason for that is that the Church is not interested in moral men. He was poor, which seems to be a Chaucerian statement of purity, and the little money that he d id obtain he spent on books and learning instead of showy property. He voluntarily prayed and sought to better himself, not through the Church, but through his own mind. The Clerk is an antithesis to the pompous and ignorant clergy members. Through the Clerk, Chaucer is illustrating that one can reach higher intellectual and moral levels through introversion and thought.Through all these characters, Chaucer shows the dos and do nots of religious life. He criticizes the current institution of the Catholic Church and provides better examples of what moral purity is. Echoing many of the ideas of Wycliffe and his followers, Chaucer calls for reform in the commerciality of religion. In his description of the Webbe et al, he says goon to vigilies all bifore, And have a mantel realities ybore (379-380). Through this line he is censuring the practice of going to mass for the purpose of showing off ones wealth or success as opposed to for the glory of serving God. Chaucer advocates t he simplifying of religion, reverting to simple clergy, with individual education of the Bible.

Thailand Highways Management Project Essay - 6796 Words

Thailand Highways Management Project (P075173) Group 3 1. Praphop Anantakoon St101942 2. Lam Quynh Tho St102016 3. Phan Thanh Nga St102056 4. Trinh Thi Kim Phuong St102015 5. Nguyen Thuy Hang St102062 6. Probal Dutta St101941 SOM, May 2005 TABLE OF CONTENT I - INTRODUCTION: 3 1.The rationale of the study. 3 2.The Project Background. 3 2.1. The Project Information: 3 2.2. The Project Organization: 3 II - THE PROJECT DESCRIPTION.. 4 1. The Project Logframe. 4 2.The Project Work Breakdown Structure. 8 3.The Project Cost Estimation. 9 4.The Project†¦show more content†¦2.The Project Background ------------------------ 2.1. The Project Information: The Thailand Highways Management Project (coded as P075173) is a big project covering three sectors, i.e., road and highways (80%), sub-national government administration (20%), throughout the northern areas of Thailand. It is sponsored mainly by the World Bank, accounting for 58% of the total investment capital, and with the counterpart fund presenting for 20% of the USD 146.39 total amount from the Royal Thai Government (hereunder mentioned to as RTG). This total amount is invested disbursed in a 5-year period for four majour programs implemented by the Department of Highways (hereunder referred to as DOH), Ministry of Transportation. 2.2. The Project Organization: DOH is government agency responsible for building and maintaining the national highways network around the country. DOH delegates the work to engineer department. Within the Department, each engineer is responsible for several supervisory works of the road construction and rehabilitation program including the work coordination with the ProjectShow MoreRelatedRice Pledging Schemes1363 Words   |  5 PagesThai Agricultural policies: Rice pledging scheme Thailand is among one of the most suitable regions on earth for agricultural industry. 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Michelangelo Antonionis LEclise - 785 Words

Michelangelo Antonioni’s L’eclisse is a quiet and sad film with a theme of human detachment and alienation. He shows the difficulty of connection in an alienating modern world by focusing on the environment and isolation of characters. One of the first things that is strikingly noticeable in L’eclisse is Antonioni’s set-up of the environment. With the discordance of the music in the opening credits and the long shots that emphasize the empty space, we immediately get a sense of uncomfortable isolation in the beginning of the film. Antonioni throws us into the middle of an ending of a relationship. He starts the scene with a still shot of a lamp, then pans over to Riccardo sitting in silence, almost like another object. Then he quickly cuts to a shot of Vittoria on the opposite side of the room. This editing makes empty space a defining factor for this environment. Antonioni uses this focus on spacial distancing to alienate and isolate the characters. The t wo are clearly separated from each other, showing both a physical and emotional disconnection. Also, the motion of the camera seems to illustrate the disconnect in their relationship. The lack of dramatic movement by the camera represents the lack of emotional connection between them. Therefore, the motion of the camera illustrates the emotions of the character as much as what is actually framed within the image itself. There is also an obsession with touch, mostly on Vittoria’s part. With the constant lack in communication

Stakeholders of the Antiquities and Monuments Office of Hong Kong

Question: Discuss About Roles of Stakeholders of the Antiquities and Monuments Office of Hong Kong? Answer: Introduction Definition of Antiquities and Monuments Different institutions have different definitions for the words monuments and antiquities. According to the Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance 1976 of the Hong Kong Law, Antiquities are defined as the sites, buildings, places or structures erected, formed or built by humans and human agencies before the year 1800 and the remains or ruins of any such structure, site, place or building regardless of the fact that they have been restored, modified or have any additions after the year 1799. This also includes objects that are movable that can be shaped, made, painted, inscribed, carved, manufactured, created, modified or produced by humans before 1800 or the objects that have not been restored, added to or modified after the year 1799. The impressions, remains or fossils of these are also considered as relics according to the ordinance. The archaeological sites in Hong Kong are all considered the property of the Hong Kong government according to the Ordinance. The government of Hong Kon g has a list of monuments that are called declared monuments (Hong Kong Tourism Board, 2017). According to the ordinance, these are defined as any structure, artifact, building or feature that is important for the nation due to their paleontological, archaeological or historic significance. There are more than 180 sites all over Hong Kong that are considered sites of specific Archaeological significance. To include a monument into the list of declared monuments, the Antiquities and Monuments board is consulted and the approval of the Chief Executive or the Secretary of Development is required, after which the building, site, structure or place is declared a monument. In order to excavate, plant or cut trees, deposit earth or demolish any monument or proposed monument, a permit is required from the Secretary of Home Affairs failing which the action is forbidden. Some of the historical buildings are declared proposed monuments for temporary statutory protection. The World Monument Fun d has defined a monument as any structure that was constructed only for commemorating a person or event that has been of significance to a group of people however the term is loosely used for any structure or building that is of any historical or architectural significance or is a part of the cultural heritage of a place or people (AMO Team, 2014). Purpose and Structure of the Report This research report is made with an intent to thoroughly study the work, roles and responsibilities, structure, functioning, background, historic records and authority of The Antiquities and Monuments Office (AMO) of Hong Kong. In this research, we have covered how the Antiquities and Monuments Office of Hong Kong defines the Antiquities and Monuments, the history and background of the board from its year of establishment to the current roles and responsibilities, the functions that it fulfills, and its various policies. We have also looked into the stakeholders of the Antiquities and Monuments Office of Hong Kong and how each of them contributes to the functioning of the organization. The stakeholders of the Antiquities and Monuments Office of Hong Kong can be classified into four categories, these are public stakeholders, private stakeholders, the volunteers and the Hong Kong government. The report also covers an in depth study of how the Antiquities and Monuments Office of Hong K ong has impacted the Hong Kong tourism industry (Hong Kong Tourism Board, 2017). The use of historic monuments and their promotion as national heritage is done by the Antiquities and Monuments Office of Hong Kong to attract the tourists from all over the world. These monuments are often located at the heart of the city and occupy all the prime locations. It also works the other way round when the place starts developing due to the attraction that the monuments serve as. Their energy embodied in the structures is radiant and this attracts visitors towards them. Another reason the Hong Kong government takes care of and promotes the historic monuments is that they involve minimal cost as compared to the development of a completely new tourist attraction and have a higher mass appeal. However the development and promotion of historical monuments come with a price and the bodies planning to do so have to face certain challenges. The most dominant of these being the difficulty faced in re building damaged or demolished structures (Fan Yim, 2011). The material and method used for building these is very different to the ones that are currently used. There are also certain disputes associated with the development of these. The government restricts the institutions from disturbing the ancient monuments and this prevents the authorities sometimes to conduct restoration and rebuilding activities on these monuments. This report therefore concludes with the understanding of all major responsibilities of the Antiquities and Monuments Office of Hong Kong and goes through its working and the activities carried out by them (McNulty Koff, 2014). The Antiquities and Monuments Office of Hong Kong History and Background Cultural Heritage is a symbol of pride for every nation. It is a part of their history and memories and is of utmost importance to them. The relics, antiquities and monuments of the country provide the citizens of Hong Kong with a sense of continuity and belonging. They let us have a look at all that the nation has been through and the unique past of the fusion of the eastern and western fusion that this country has been through. The Antiquities and Monuments Office (AMO) of Hong Kong and the Antiquities Advisory Board (AAO) were established in the year 1976 as a part of the Leisure and Cultural Services of Hong Kong by the enforcement of The Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance by the government of Hong Kong. This was done to make sure that the popular monuments of Hong Kong are protected appropriately (Rypkema, 2008). The Executive Secretary presides the Antiquities and Monuments Office. The office comprises of well qualified staff, which is organized into five sections. These secti ons are Archaeology, Historic Buildings, Education and Publicity, Technical and Advisory functions respectively. The secretariat and administrative support is provided to the Antiquities Advisory Board as well as the Antiquities and Monuments Office. The Antiquities and Monuments Office is presently managed by the Leisure and Cultural Services department of the Hong Kong government (Jiang Homsey, 2008). The Antiquities and Monuments Office is based in the building that was formerly the Kowloon British School. It is the oldest school building in Hong Kong that is still functional. It started its operations as the Kowloon British School in the year 1902. The architecture type of this building is similar to the Victorian Era architecture and is typical of a number of schools constructed at that time. This building itself is a declared monument by the Antiquities and Monuments Office. Roles and Functions The Antiquities and Monuments Office was established for the protection of the heritage and historical monuments of Hong Kong. Housed in the building that once was the Kowloon British School, this organization is responsible for preservation and safeguarding of the Hong Kongs historic monuments (Pedersen, 2002). The major tasks that they have to carry out involve the identification, research and record maintenance of the items of historical interest and buildings in Hong Kong. To understand the duties and responsibilities of the Antiquities and Monuments Office, one needs to first understand the purpose for which this institution was formed. The Antiquities and Monuments Office is responsible for maintaining and developing the written and photo archives of the heritage sites of Hong Kong, recording, identifying and researching about the sites and structures that may be of historic significance to the nation. They also conduct and organize surveys, researches and excavations of the bu ildings and items of historic and archaeological significance. They organize the drives to carry out restoration, maintenance and protection of the monuments. The Antiquities and Monuments Office also evaluate and review the influence of development projects on the monuments and heritage sites and take measures to mitigate the effects. Another responsibility of the Antiquities and Monuments Office is to promote and make people aware of the heritage of Hong Kong and the historic monuments. They carry this out by various programs and activities like exhibitions, tours, lectures, heritage trails, events and workshops. The Antiquities and Monuments Office also provides support to the Antiquities Advisory Board in conservation and protection of the places of historical and archaeological interest in the country (Government, 2015). Policy The Antiquities and Monuments Office works for the conservation and preservation of the places of historic significance to the country of Hong Kong. The Government of Hong Kong earmarks a fixed amount of money to e used by them to carry out the development, promotion, restoration, excavation, maintenance etc. The government has asked the AMO the details of the work to be done on the monuments including the objectives for the task, timelines for the same and the performance indicators. The policy of the Antiquities and Monuments Office continues to be the promotion, preservation and conservation of the heritage monuments and sites in Hong Kong. Hong Kong as a nation has only gained heritage conservation consciousness in the late 1990s. Since then the Antiquities Advisory board has carried out country wide surveys in which the size of the built heritage of the nation has been recorded to be of about 8800 buildings, structures and sites. The Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance was const ituted for this very purpose (Globe Media, 2009). It aims at stopping the destructions and negligence towards the heritage sites and conserve them as they tell the story of the nations past and the rich cultural inheritance. The Roles of Stakeholders of the Antiquities and Monuments Office of Hong Kong Public sector The Antiquities and Monuments Office is an institution formed by the Government has been widely accepted by the public and their efforts are applauded by many. The people are happy with the work that they are doing and are in full support of the organization and their work. The general public of Hong Kong actively participates in the surveys and contributes to the growing database of The Antiquities and Monuments Office (Chan, 2015). The people also actively take part in the workshops and promotional events held at the heritage sites. The number of people visiting the heritage trails developed by The Antiquities and Monuments Office is also increasing day by day with the increase in the awareness and knowledge of the monuments and heritage sites among the public of not just Hong Kong but also all over the planet. Private sector The Antiquities and Monuments Office has got a lot of support both financially and in the form of resources like the required machinery, tools, human resource etc. from the private organizations of Hong Kong. There are a lot of cases in which the AMO carried out the restoration activity of the heritage sites with the help of the private organizations of Hong Kong. The clubs of the AMO like the Young Friends of Heritage have always got mass support and participation from the private organizations (Chai, 2013). Volunteers The volunteers are the backbone of an institution like The Antiquities and Monuments Office. There is a huge turn up of the individual volunteers and volunteer groups in the events and activities of the AMO. They provide assistance and have always lent a hand to the AMO in times of need. The volunteers provide their services and stand for the preservation of the monuments and heritage sites (Turner, 2016). They make the events organized by The Antiquities and Monuments Office a success every time and spread the information about the rich cultural heritage of Hong Kong in order to make others aware and discerning towards the history of the monuments, sites and structures that make up our cultural heritage. Government A number of government bodies and institutions have supported and stood for The Antiquities and Monuments Office in times of need and in general. The Center of Urban Planning and Environment Management, The Hong Kong Institute of Planners, Architects, Landscape Architects and Surveyors and The Hong Kong Geography Department extend their help and guidance during the planning process for the organization. The Leisure and Cultural Services department of Hong Kong takes care of the functioning of the organizations as per the government directive and the AMO has full monetary and non monetary support of the government in the process of preservation, conservation and promotion of the cultural heritage of Hong Kong (Legislative Council Secretariat, 2015). The other government bodies associated with the working of the Antiquities and Monuments Office of Hong Kong include The Commissioner for Heritages Office that was established on 25th April 2008 and which falls under the Development Bureau , The Hong Kong Governments Central Conservation Section and The Urban Renewal Authority, which is a semi government body that takes care of the urban development in Hong Kong (Schwab, et al., 2015). The Impacts of the Antiquities and Monuments Office on Tourism The Antiquities and Monuments Office that was set up under the Leisure and Cultural Services Department of Hong Kong is responsible for preserving, protecting and conserving the cultural built heritage and archaeological sites of Hong Kong. As a nation, Hong Kong has come a long way from what it once was. Most of its heritage sites and monuments still stand right in the middle of the skyscrapers and urban life as good as they were years ago (Hong Kong Tourism Board, 2015). The diverse cultural heritage of the country is evident in the historic sites and structures and each of these is a spectacle in itself. Hong Kong tourism is a never ending contrast between the new and the old with the ancient structures standing tall among the urban jungles. Before the enforcement of The Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance in the year 1976, the heritage sites of Hong Kong were neglected, sparsely and independently maintained. The ordinance led to the formation of the Antiquities and Monuments Offi ce, which has now taken over the responsibility of maintaining, preserving and conserving the heritage sites of Hong Kong. This step has made the tourism sector of Hong Kong a little more organized and has given a boost to the culture and its perceived value in front of the world. The tourism industry in Hong Kong has flourished and a triple digit percentage growth has been observed in the visitor percentage since the AMO began promoting the heritage sites as places of tourist attraction. The heritage tours and trails have also observed an increase in participation and the people are more aware and knowledgeable about the country (Jiang Homsey, 2008). Their perception towards Hong Kong has changed and evolved and it is not just a holiday travel destination anymore, but also a place of rich cultural heritage and historic monuments. Thus the Antiquities and Monuments Office has impacted the tourism industry positively and made it a place of historic relevance and even more popular. The benefits of Using Historical buildings The basic idea behind developing historical buildings as heritage sites and making use of them is the conservation of resources. The redevelopment and restoration of these buildings is not only less time consuming as compared to building or development of new tourist attractions, but this also makes use of the past investment of time and energy made in it, thus preservation and reuse of the existing historic structures is considered a more effective way (McNulty Koff, 2014). Another major reason for the conservation of heritage sites is that these structures, monuments and sites are of historical and cultural importance to the nation. They represent the history and the story of the past of that place. While some buildings need to be maintained in their exact shape and form, most of the historic buildings can be utilized for activities and public interactions. This makes the place change with the changing times, hence making it even more significant for all of the coming generations as it increases the number of stories that the monument tells to its visitors (Tourism Commission, 2016). The preservation and maintenance of the historic places were considered a luxury previously, but the researchers have proved that this practice is in fact a sustained act that helps in the development of the local economy. Preserving the historic structures and buildings attracts visitors and this creates jobs and generated the capital in large amounts. The act of preservation of historic monuments helps in generating revenue for the country and is an investment that gives off great returns. The heritage sites also attract historians and researchers from all over the world who help in further promotion of not just the monuments or heritage site but also the country as a whole. The Challenges of Using Historical Buildings The first and foremost challenge that the Antiquities and Monuments Office faces when the decision is taken to use a historic building as a heritage site is that the excavation and restoration work for that place is to be done. This comes with a lot of challenges and difficulties of its own. The construction method and process of these is very ancient and to be able to replicate that is an impossible task. All these monuments are different in built and structure, from the other and the process developed and used for one cannot be reused (School, 2014). The construction materials, hidden details and their construction techniques require a lot of thinking, planning and preparation. There is no documentation done as a proof of the structure and built of the sites and therefore there are surprises that come up at the time of the excavation or restoration. The monuments and buildings are generally constructed in a complex shape and structure and this has to be assessed in the process as w ell. The historic significance of the structure of the structure has to be maintained without compromising on its safety level. This is another challenge that the AMO faces. Another challenge that comes when promoting the heritage sites as tourist places is that the people generally have a perception that is already in their minds regarding the historical places that they visit. The visitors emotional state at the heritage site has to be understood and such sites must be marketed accordingly. The site also has to measure up to the mental image that is built in the minds of the visitors failing which the attractiveness of the site is eventually going to diminish. Some of the historic sites that were discovered on the private properties of the people could not be developed as heritage sites, this led to the depletion of their condition and value. The government of Hong Kong in such a case is unable to promote and develop that site. In order to develop the site as a heritage site, it m ust be made accessible and easy to reach (Tsui, 2015). This is another challenge for the Antiquities and Monuments Office when the sites that are newly discovered are to be promoted. The historic sites are very important for both the cultural and economic development of Hong Kong, but this comes with a price and the challenges that the AMO has to overcome for their development are also great. The pollution caused by the vehicles and industries also poses a threat to the monuments and their appearance. The pollutants in the air corrode and crumble the monuments, due to which they lose their attractiveness and the actual looks are also lost. Case Study of Heritage 1881 The 1881 heritage site was constructed in the year 1884 and is located at Tsim Sha Tsui in Kowloon, Hong Kong. Serving as the Hong Kong Marine Police Headquarters from the 1880s to the year 1996, it is a place of great historic relevance. The more than 120 year old site is now surrounded by the countrys greatest shopping destination and the Star Ferry Terminal. Other places of relevance around the 1881 Heritage site are the Hong Kong Clock Tower, The Avenue of Stars, Hong Kong Museum of Art and the Harbour City Mall. This site is illuminated everyday at night which transforms it from a heritage sightseeing place to an attractive photography site. Presently the 1881 Heritage site houses the heritage hotel, various luxury shops, bars, restaurants and fine dining places. The site is made up of a main building a block and a signal tower also known as the Round House. The site lost a part of its surrounding ground in the 1970s when the area was leveled to develop the Kowloon Park Drive. T he main building was originally two storied structure and the third story did not exist until its construction in the 1920s. The 1881 Heritage site is one of the four oldest buildings of Hong Kong that are still surviving. The entire compound of the site is a declared monument according to the Antiquities and Monuments Office of Hong Kong since the year 1994. The site was named after it earlier use as The Former Marine Police Headquarters Compound. This has officially been renamed as the 1881 Heritage site now (Tsui, 2015). The Marine Police that once had its headquarters in the compound of the 1881 Heritage site have now merged with the Hong Kong Police Force and serve as a unit in the same. The Old Kowloon Fire Station in the compound of the 1881 Heritage site has been redeveloped into a heritage hotel that houses retail facilities and outlets for food and beverages. It also comprises of an exhibition hall, communicating the transforming journey of the heritage site. The designs of the complex resemble those of the monuments built during that period. It is a combination of the neoclassical and Victorian architecture (School, 2014). The complex also contains the cells where the pirates and smugglers caught by the marine police were imprisoned. The enclosures on the walls of the site were used to keep pigeons who used to carry the messages sent to the ships that were on the harbor to carry out ship to shore communication. The most famous monument in the complex is the Time Ball Tower. This tower was in use from 1885 to 1907 to tell time to the travelling ships. A ball was mounted on a pole in the tower and this was lifted manually every morning and was dropped at 1 pm every day. This allowed the sailors to recalibrate their chronometers to the accuracy of one tenth of a second before departing from the country of Hong Kong for their designated destinations. Conclusion This research has been conducted to know and understand the roles and responsibilities of the Antiquities and Monuments Office of Hong Kong. The Antiquities and Monuments Office (AMO) of Hong Kong and the Antiquities Advisory Board (AAO) were established in the year 1976 as a part of the Leisure and Cultural Services of Hong Kong by the enforcement of The Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance by the government of Hong Kong. This was done to make sure that the popular monuments of Hong Kong are protected appropriately. The Antiquities and Monuments Office was established for the protection of the heritage and historical monuments of Hong Kong. Housed in the building that once was the Kowloon British School, this organization is responsible for preservation and safeguarding of the Hong Kongs historic monuments. Their key responsibilities include identification of the historical monuments, recording their history and significance and researching further about them. They also carry out sur veys and excavations in the areas that are of historic and archeological significance. The AMO conducts awareness programs, exhibitions, workshops, tours, lectures etc. regularly to involve the people and the visitors and make them aware of the rich heritage of the Hong Kong culture. The Antiquities Advisory board has carried out country wide surveys in which the size of the built heritage of the nation has been recorded to be of about 8800 buildings, structures and sites. The Antiquities and Monuments Office is an institution formed by the Government has been widely accepted by the public and their efforts are applauded by many. It has also got a lot of support both financially and in the form of resources like the required machinery, tools, human resource etc. from the private organizations of Hong Kong. There is a huge turn up of the individual volunteers and volunteer groups in the events and activities of the AMO. They provide assistance and have always lent a hand to the AMO i n times of need. A number of government bodies and institutions have also supported and stood for The Antiquities and Monuments Office in times of need and in general. The Antiquities and Monuments Office has impacted the tourism industry positively and made it a place of historic relevance and even more popular. The tourism industry in Hong Kong has flourished and a triple digit percentage growth has been observed in the visitor percentage since the AMO began promoting the heritage sites as places of tourist attraction. The heritage tours and trails have also observed an increase in participation and the people are more aware and knowledgeable about the country. The basic idea behind developing historical buildings as heritage sites and making use of them is the conservation of resources. Thus the preservation and reuse of the existing historic structures is considered a more effective way. While some buildings need to be maintained in their exact shape and form, most of the histor ic buildings can be utilized for activities and public interactions. Preserving the historic structures and buildings attracts visitors and this creates jobs and generated the capital in large amounts. The act of preservation of historic monuments helps in generating revenue for the country and is an investment that gives off great returns. The organization, however, also faces a lot of challenges when using the heritage sites as places of tourist attraction. The monuments and buildings are generally constructed in a complex shape and structure and this has to be assessed in the process. The historic significance of the structure of the structure also needs to be maintained without compromising on its safety level. In the second part of the study, we have learnt about the 1881 heritage site, its history, previous and current significance. This report is for academic purposes only and has been conducted to mainly study the working of the Antiquities and Monuments Office of Hong Kong and its significance. References AMO Team (2014) Antiquities and Monuments Office (AMO): Annual report, Available at: https://www.lcsd.gov.hk/dept/annualrpt/2013-14/en/cultural/amo.html Chai, W. (2013) Introduction to Tourism, Available at: https://www.edb.gov.hk/attachment/en/curriculum-development/kla/pshe/nss-curriculum/tourism-and-hospitality-studies/Tourism_English_19_June.pdf Chan, C. (2015) An Old Object in a Futuristic World: Re-Imagining Hong Kong through Its Clock Tower in the Eyes of Western Settlers and Local Citizens, Available at: https://cross-currents.berkeley.edu/sites/default/files/e-journal/photo-essays/cs_chan.pdf Fan, I. Yim, J. (2011) Hong Kong Tourism Industry, Available at: https://www.hangseng.com/cms/tpr/eng/analyses/PDF/ecof_e_2011apr.pdf Globe Media (2009) Hong Kong: Guide, Available at: https://www.grospiron.com/medias/documents/guides/guide-hongkong.pdf Government, H. (2015) Travel and Tourism, Available at: https://www.yearbook.gov.hk/2015/en/pdf/E18.pdf Hong Kong Tourism Board, (2015) Legislative Council Panel on Economic Development: Work Plan for 2015-16, Available at: https://www.tourism.gov.hk/resources/english/paperreport_doc/legco/2015-02-09/HKTB_Work_Plan_2015_16_eng.pdf Hong Kong Tourism Board, (2017) Antiquities and Monuments Office. [Online] Available at: https://www.discoverhongkong.com/nz/see-do/culture-heritage/historical-sites/colonial/antiquities-ad-monuments-office.jsp Jiang, X. Homsey, A. (2008) Heritage Tourism Planning Guidebook: Methods for Implementing Heritage Tourism Programs in Sussex County, Delaware, Available at: https://www.ipa.udel.edu/publications/HeritageTourismSussexCo.pdf Legislative Council Secretariat, (2015) Hong Kong's tourism industry, Available at: https://www.legco.gov.hk/research-publications/english/1415rb06-hong-kongs-tourism-industry-20150805-e.pdf McNulty, R. Koff, R. (2014) Cultural Heritage Tourism: Livable Communities, Available at: https://www.livable.org/storage/documents/reports/CBC/culturalheritagetourism.pdf Pedersen, A. (2002) Mannaging Tourism at World Heritage Sites: UNESCO, Available at: https://whc.unesco.org/uploads/activities/documents/activity-113-2.pdf Rypkema, D. (2008) Benefits of Cultural Heritage Tourism, Available at: https://history.sd.gov/Preservation/OtherServices/CHTBenefits.pdf School, M. C. (2014) HK Heritage Past Exhibition, Available at: https://www.hongkongheritage.org/HKHeritagePastExhibition/Remembering%20Our%20Urban%20Legacies%2C%202014/EN_exhibit_urban%20legacies.pdf Schwab, K. et al. (2015) The Travel Tourism Competitiveness Report 2015, Available at: https://www3.weforum.org/docs/TT15/WEF_Global_TravelTourism_Report_2015.pdf Tourism Commission, (2016) Hong Kong: The facts Tourism, Available at: https://www.gov.hk/en/about/abouthk/factsheets/docs/tourism.pdf Tsui, T. (2015) Summer Institute on Creativity in Teaching University Writing 2013, Available at: https://www.english.cityu.edu.hk/en/portal/summerinstitute2014/TST.pdf Turner, R. (2016) Travel Tourism: Economic impact 2016: World Travel Tourism Council, Available at: https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic%20impact%20research/regions%202016/world2016.pdf

The Polar Bear and Adaptations free essay sample

The polar bear is seen by many as the beautiful white bear that lives in the cold and ice of the areas within the North Pole. They may never look beyond the beauty to see the animal has progressed through natural selection to become a creature that endures and thrives in the frigid temperatures and prolific ice. The polar bear has adapted in various ways such as temperature regulation, hunting skills, movement in water and on ice. The bears white coat makes hunting easier for the bear, acts as camouflage, because its prey has a hard time distinguishing it from its background. The polar bear has little in the way of predators insuring its position towards the top of the food chain. Kolinski (n. d. ), â€Å"Because polar bears are nearly the largest bear in the family ursidae, and remain as one of the largest mammalian animals, very few, if any organisms prey upon the polar bear. We will write a custom essay sample on The Polar Bear and Adaptations or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, if predation does occur, predators are of equal or greater complexity. Predators of Ursus Maritimus are usually members of the family ursidae or human beings† (para. Interactions). The polar bear eats an extremely high fat diet consisting of seals and other meats. The high fats provide an extra accumulation of fat under the skin that allows the bear to stay warmer but also to help the animal sustain its functions when going long periods of time without proper nutrition. The polar bear has adapted to the cold by having a very heavy coat of fur that helps to keep them warm and also to regulate body temperature. The polar bear also has hollow hairs that absorb the sun’s runs and help keep the bear warm. This is hastened along by the black skin the bear has underneath its deceptive transparent coat. The polar bear’s small round ears are designed to help prevent the animal from losing body heat. The larger the ears the more surface area to lose heat. All of these characteristics combined add up to a higher body temperature because of the adaptations. As noted in the diagram the polar bear has large furry paws that aid him in walking on snow and ice. They serve the bear as a solid foundation for movement and speed. He has hair over all parts of his body except his nose and the pads of his feet which offer even more traction. On those same paws the diagram mentions long claws for tearing apart prey. These long claws are a necessity for carnivores such as the polar bear. Without them they would be unable to secure adequate food to maintain their size and strength. The diagram also notes a large muscular hump that is over the polar bears shoulders. This muscular hump serves as a powerhouse of strength for the polar bear and it allows the bear to swim efficiently with speed. It also serves as the strength to tear the prey it feasts on apart for food. The bear is also a fast runner which is enhanced by this powerhouse of strength giving him the ability to overtake his prey when chasing him. The polar bears skills when in the water are impressive. It will use its white fur to camouflage as ice and then when a creature comes near it will swim aggressively towards it with its speed and webbed paws while quickly overtaking it in strength. Many animals throughout the animal kingdom have made adaptations over time in order to survive within the environment it lives. The polar bear is one of the many who have been successful.

Vanishing Transistor essays

Vanishing Transistor essays The article The Amazing Vanishing Transistor Act found in the IEEE Spectrum discusses some of the new technologies that can be implemented for the transistor to increase its performance. Reducing its size can make the channel distance decrease causing the charge carries to have a shorter distance to travel. However, when reducing the size of the channel the gate has a harder time turning the channel off due to the lower threshold voltage that allows the carries to flow without a bias voltage. The first technique discussed to improve the transistor is to strain the silicon by replacing some silicon atoms with germanium atoms. This causes the distance between atoms to increase due to the germaniums larger size. The size change in the lattice changes the energy band structure along with reducing electron and hole collisions and decreasing their effective masses therefore increasing mobility. When the mobility increases, it allows for carriers to be more quickly accelerated by an electric field. This method isnt currently in production since if implemented on the current etch process (SOI), the smaller energy gap will cause more carriers to leak into the substrate. This would drive the power consumption up due to current being drawn but not used usefully. The best way to stop gate leakage is to increase the gate insulation with a material that has a higher dielectric constant. Currently, hafnium dioxide is being researched and appears to be the best candidate even though it appears to degrade carrier mobility. Hafnium dioxide gate insulation was combined with a strained silicon substrate and the two are compatible together. It appears this combination is able to have high mobility with low gate leakage. When the transistor continues to shrink its difficult to maintain a strong connection between the channel and gate with the current polysilicon gates. The highly doped polysilicon acts nearly ...

Sovereign Default risk in the Euro zone A further look at a possible Dissertation

Sovereign Default risk in the Euro zone A further look at a possible exit - Dissertation Example The resulting models which were arrived at using the forward stepwise procedure passed various goodness-of-fit tests as well as other tests of the significance of coefficients. This indicates that both CDS spread and Debt/GDP ratio improved the model’s predictive power in the case of the Euro zone while CDS spread was the only significant factor for Cyprus. Tests of the model using in-sample and out-of-sample data shows that it is capable of predicting default and non-default with a high degree of accuracy. 1.0 Introduction Sovereign default has been present in world economies throughout history. One of the countries that have defaulted in the past is Argentina. Very often, it is the same set of countries that are habitually in this state of economic crisis. The 2008 financial crisis has been described as one of the worst to be felt in this modern age since the Great Depression of 1933 (Your reference here). Its effects are still underway and countries around the world are try ing their utmost to maintain financial stability. One of the newest currency unions and the most powerful in the world; the Euro-Zone, therefore makes an interesting study. One of the single most important events that preceded the spiralling downturn in the 2008 financial crisis is the Lehman Brothers failure on September 15, 2008. Prior to the 2008 financial crisis, the sovereign Credit Default Swap (CDS) market was not as significant as corporate CDS markets. This was due to the relatively stable outlook of developed nations within the Euro Block and the perceived minimal default risk associated with these countries. As a result of the Lehman Collapse, and other proceeding financial institutional failures, large losses worldwide were incurred, which had spill over effects eventually affecting entire economies. This resulted in negative implications for investor confidence and a reduction of credit in the market. The bailouts for these banks by the individual governments could only be made possible by incurring massive amounts of debt (Dieckmann and Plank 2011). This led Governments to increased risk of sovereign default and a global reassessment of credit risk. In turn, CDS in the sovereign market became highly liquid as the uncertainty of these nations became an issue, implying an increase in sovereign credit risk. Since 2012 the Euro zone has been characterized by deepening crises in several countries, some of which have suffered what is described as selective default. These crises have been characterised by increases in CDS spread, increased Debt/GDP ratio and high bond yields. This has led to credit rating agencies such as Moody’s and Standard and Poor’s giving ratings to some of these countries that indicate to investors the risks associated with government bonds. In addition to Cyprus and Greece, some of the countries that have received speculative ratings include Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Ireland, Latvia, Estonia, Portugal and Spain (Blo omberg 2013). Concerns have been raised that the ratings given by credit rating agencies are unreliable as the default ratings for Greece in 2012 and Cyprus in 2013 came after the event. The aim of this study is to evaluate the risk of sovereign default in the Euro zone and also to develop an econometric model that is capable of predicting default before the event takes place. This would be very beneficial to

Marketing Concepts and Planning-- Apple IPods Assignment

Marketing Concepts and Planning-- Apple IPods - Assignment Example Features and benefits have long been the idea of improving sales and through promotional materials, however in today’s market pricing should be given much more emphasis by making it much more transparent to consumers in a variety of ways. This report identifies these proposed changes. The company’s mission is simple: Apple â€Å"recognizes that by integrating sound environmental health and safety management practices into all aspects of our business, we can offer innovative technological products and services while conserving and enhancing resources for future generations† (Lee, 2008, p.5). The objectives are to improve sales volumes through creative promotion, effective distribution, and to build consumer interest in mass market groups. The strengths of the iPod are in areas of innovation by remaining a step ahead of competition by updating features, memory and other important benefits for consumers. Research and development talent is an internal strength. Fortunately for Apple, competition is considerably weak and this is a major strength for the business! Weaknesses include, though not a fault of Apple, weakened economic conditions both domestically and internationally, posing a potential risk for future iPod (and iPad) sales. Additionally, minimal television advertising, despite the potential cost and time investment, is another weakness in regards to reaching more mass market customers. Threats to the iPod include the sudden resurgence of consumer use of auction websites such as eBay, creating a form of self-competition for budget-minded, mass market buyers as well as failure of retail partners to be more interactive in the sales/promotion process. These are external failures, however they definitely impact sales volume in certain market territories. As identified, segmentation for the iPod begins with identifying specific groups with

British decolonisation in Africa Essay Example for Free

British decolonisation in Africa Essay Within the context of 1880-1980, to what extent did British actions accelerate British decolonisation in Africa? In the later years of the 19th century the scramble for the African continent by Western imperialist powers was reaching its climax. It appeared that the dark continent was to be no longer dark, but to be the product of Western colonial expansion with several European countries dividing up the land. No where was this more apparent than with Britain whose Empire was at its height at the turn of the century. Egypt, for instance, was a colony for 40 years (1882-1922) with its pinnacle at the turn of the century; however the decolonisation of the country as early as this is an anomaly in itself as only South Africa had previously been granted independence by the British, albeit as a self-governing dominion. In a bizarre turn of events which historians still debate today, the Empire crumbled and by the 1970s only two African states remained British colonies: Rhodesia and South West Africa. The Empire had taken the best part of a century to amalgamate, yet was mostly swept away in just over a decade. Many reasons have been proposed for the vast acceleration of decolonisation including economic difficulties at the metropole (Cain and Hopkins)1 and the rise of local nationalist movements (Hodgkin)2. More recently the actions of the British have been cited as a possible factor for the acceleration of decolonisation in Africa, marking a change in the historiography of the period. Turner3 and Lapping4 are promoters of this theory, which is gaining credence in the academic world. The 1945 election of the Labour party is a watershed in decolonisation acceleration. WW2 had recently ended which marked a shift in British culture and society, including a changed attitude to Empire. Interestingly, whilst many of the new Cabinet were anti-imperialists, the new government did not have a direct plan to fully decolonise. It was more a case of the Empire having to take a backseat to far more pressing matters: imperialism, in effect, slipped through the cracks of government. The party was elected on the mandate of and closely focused upon British welfare; the African colonies were working and therefore the governments attention was deviated, however it was one of the actions directed at the metropole which accelerated independence for many colonies. The introduction of the Welfare State in 1948 led many Britons to consider the priority and indeed the importance of the Empire when compared to home-grown issues. WW2 brought increased globalisation and it is possible that through this many British citizens saw their needs ahead of the colonies: an archaic and out-of-date segment of British foreign policy. If the colonies had representation in the British Parliament and were a province of, rather than simply a colony of Great Britain, this attitude may have been different: French Algeria, for instance, was certainly more respected at the metropole then any of Britains African colonies. There is a debate however, as to whether the British public had undergone a liberal revolution or were simply acting with self-interest. White has theorised that the latter is true, citing that the reason as to why the colonies were ditched was to release resources for domestic welfare spending5. Moreover, the fact National Service was revoked in 1960 reduced Britains ability to defend its colonies against uprising nationalist movements: conscription was ended through self-interest, as the majority of British youths didnt want to have to fight in the far off terrains of Sub-Saharan Africa. This further implies that the average British citizen was becoming disinterested by the Empire or, at the very least, impartial to its future. I will cover nationalism in greater depth below, but with such a lack of metropole interest, the Empire could not be expected to last long. The British action of electing a Labour government effectively, in an indirect form, accelerated decolonisation for ma ny of the African colonies. WW1 expanded the Empire both geographically and as a world power, with Britain gaining several new mandates from the Ottoman Empire. The geographical expansion of the Empire post-WW1 and the reluctance of the metropole to grant these new mandates independence6, imply that attitudes had not changed and many (both in government and in society) saw the Empire as a credible and useful segment of British politics: therefore, with the exception of the more economically advanced Egypt, African decolonisation by the British did not occur between the wars. Rather, many African colonies developed and became more stable societies. Take the Gold Coast for instance: between the wars its economy, communications and education became, to a certain extent, Westernised and the country flourished. Admittedly this led to the acceleration of nationalist movements in the area which, in turn, accelerated decolonisation, but the country was undeniably prospering due to the British-led government of the time.7 Many citizens of the African colonies (including Egypt and the Gold Coast) fought alongside British soldiers in WW1 and the respect and prestige for the peoples increased because of it. Indeed, the 1914-1939 era can be seen as one of the strongest periods of the British African Empire. This implies that a post-1945 factor (e.g. the Suez Crisis, see below) accelerated decolonisation. In comparison, World War 2 accelerated decolonisation at a far greater rate than many could have imagined just a few years prior. Effectively, the war established rather paradoxically that imperialism (both British and otherwise) was both positive and negative. Ferguson has noted that the British Empire sacrificed itself to stop the spread of the evil empire of Nazi Germany: indeed, the British Empire had never had a finer hour8 than when it was self-sacrificing. During the war it was inevitable that Britain would have to, to a certain extent, neglect the colonies to focus on defeating the enemy. Through this the colonies became more independent having to, for example, source resources and engage in trade without the aid of the metropole. Moreover, the colonial peoples had a greater influence on the running of their societies; in effect, many became informal dominions. This, combined with the policies of the 1945 Labour government, further fuelled nationalism which accelerated decolonisation; in a way similar to how the two World Wars improved womens rights in Britain, the wars seemed to suggest that many colonies could govern effectively on their own. Previously, only the more economically and politically stable societies had been granted independence (e.g. South Africa, 1910) and several colonies (e.g. the Gold Coast) seemed to show similar traits during the war. The Second World War didnt lead directly to decolonisation, but it is this British action which occurred because of the conflict that accelerated decolonisation in British Africa. The end of WW2 bought increased globalisation and a new world order, where the enemy didnt appear to be Nazism or Fascism, but rather the expansion of the Soviet Bloc and the spread of communism: the Cold War was just beginning to ignite. Along with the notion of changed attitudes of the British people, there is also the argument that the Empire really didnt fit into the new world. Now, the split between East and West had never been more apparent and British Africa looked like an oddity: along with the passing of new welfare legislation at the metropole and the changing attitudes of the British people, Britain needed to abolish the Empire for two reasons directly related to the Cold War: to concentrate efforts on halting the spread of communism and to appease the anti-imperialist US, who Britain now required as an ally more than ever before. Moreover, the world order was now unclear and Britain had far greater problems to worry about than what their small African colonies were up to: put bluntly, the new threat of nuclear inhalation seemed more important than the political shortcomings of, say, Somalia. While WW2 does spell out more crucial factors for the acceleration of decolonisation, the Cold War is another smaller factor which just added to the need to decolonise. The post-WW2 economy is a further crucial factor in the acceleration of decolonisation. Britain was no longer able to withstand the fiscal costs of Empire; this was coupled with a lack of substantial profit coming into the metropole from the African colonies. Economically, WW2 was a great strain on Britain with the country coming out of the war in great debt; she required a loan of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½145million from the US alone9. Britain was exhausted and worn down, both figuratively and physically. Many cities required money to rebuild, some from scratch, plus food badly needed to be imported following years of intense rationing. Moreover, the introduction of the welfare state (see above) required significant funding. As said, attitudes to Empire were changing which, combined with the need for intense spending on the homeland, led to many seeing the African colonies simply as a drain on Britains already scarce resources. Britain made the situation worse: during the war she had understanda bly concentrated on producing munitions for her troops, resulting in fewer exports to the colonies. Many turned away from the metropole and looked to alternate suppliers, including their own land which inevitably fuelled nationalism further. Moreover, two acts (The Colonial Development and Welfare Acts of 1940 and 1945) were passed during wartime which forced the British government to further invest in the colonial economies10, therefore making an already problematic economic situation worse. It is possible that the government felt it was backed into a corner and simply did not have the patience or money to rebuild the colonies and the metropole: they had become, or at least had the potential to become, a major rupture on the British economy a rupture Britain could not afford to fix, but only to cut out completely. In the early 20th century when British imperialism was at its height, Hobson11 saw the expansion of Britain in Africa as purely economic and an underhand method to help capitalists at the metropole this opinion was endorsed by Lenin in 191612 and, in an albeit modified form, by the historian Darwin in 1984: more completely than ever before, economics and empire had come together13. More recently, Cain and Hopkins14 have suggested that imperialism in Africa was established by gentleman capitalists15 who were simply aiming to make profit out of the African land. Of course, if this is the case, then with the post-war debt experienced in 1945 it would have been difficult to make money from these colonies, leading to decolonisation. The decolonisation of African colonies would effectively make Britain a richer country, therefore agreeing with the views expressed by Cain and Hopkins and others: the Empire had served its purpose of aiding Britains wealth but now it was draining it and, as such, it was time for it to go. The Suez Crisis of 1956 was one of the most decisive British actions in the 20th century to accelerate decolonisation in Africa. Former Prime Minister Harold MacMillan once remarked that it is events, dear boy, events16 which determine the success of a premiership. The term event is almost too light of a phrase to use when considering the Suez Crisis: not only did it annihilate Anthony Edens administration, but it was also the launching pad for many factors which saw British decolonisation vastly accelerated. There are two key elements of the crisis which paved the way to said factors: the deception employed by the imperialist powers of Britain and France, plus the apparent overreaction to a simple act of nationalisation by a head of state. Both these factors led to the reputations of the countries involved and international relations been damaged, as well as a decrease in trade. Britain was the driving force behind the attack hence she was particularly wounded with the political and economic fallout: for one, the special relationship with the United States was harmed (Secretary of State John Foster Dulles claimed the British government had explicitly lied to [him]17) and, more critically for this inquiry, her reputation within the African continent was damaged. Britain looked small and corrupt, a mere shadow of her former colonial self; she was attempting to throw her imperialist weight around in a world which it didnt seem to fit. Nasser had successfully stood up to the Western powers and won, thus undermining Britain and France, plus providing inspiration to the many oppressed colonies. However, it is possible that the reaction did not provoke the level of international condemnation that is contemporarily considered, showing a difference in historiography. To the African colonies, former British dominions that had experienced colonialism and anti-imperialist powers such as the USA, then yes, it is likely that Britains reputation was damaged. However, to other imperialists it is possible that the government simply appeared to be standing firm with a tyrant. World War 2 had been won only 11 years prior, hence the memory of what tyrannical dictators can achieve was still fresh in most leaders minds. Eden may have appeared noble and selfless, destroying not just his own political career but a carefully-crafted reputation built up over more than 20 years18 for the greater good of a safer world, or at least a more economically stable Great Britain. White has proposed that there [were] a number of lacklustre continuities, rather than dramatic discontinuities19 in imperialist policy following Edens departure: a government memorandum circulated in the immediate aftermath of the crisis, for instance, made no mention of impending decolonisation20. Suez was not so much a watershed, but a temporary setback in Britains imperial decline, indicating other factors are responsible. Economically, the Egyptian nationalisation of the canal posed a significant danger to Britain as 2/3 of the countrys oil utilised the waterway. The chief reason as to why Britain intervened in the first place (and, indeed, retained the Canal Zone in 1922) was that the government simply did not trust the Egyptians to efficiently control the windpipe21 of the British economy. Post-crisis, Britains humiliation resulted in a trade decrease and a catastrophic22 run on the pound, resulting in her appearing not only politically and militarily weak but also financially weak. This situation, which was caused by the Suez Crisis, meant that Britain could no longer afford to support the African colonies, implying that the British action of invading the Suez Canal Zone led to one of the factors which brought about the Empires collapse. Combined, these factors inspired nationalist movements within the colonies and general condemnation of imperialism, which also accelerated decolonisation. The crisis is unique as not only did it, to a certain extent accelerate decolonisation, but it is also one of the very few examples of where a British action greatly damages the standing of the Empire. Prior to Suez, Britain was surprisingly cautious with decolonisation (with regard to Africa, only 4 of her 24 colonies had been decolonised at this point); arguably this was to retain an Empire, but also to ensure that the new societies were ready to govern. It was only following the Suez debacle that decolonisation accelerated, implying that previously Britain had took great care over the handovers of power. South Africa was a stable society when decolonised in 1910 and, looking further afield, so were Australia, Canada and India. To many other countries and colonies, Britain appeared now unable to continue to be the metropole of a successful Empire. After all, if the dictator of a former colony could cause a country such ridicule, how could they be expected to carry on maintaining a successful Empire? Comparatively with White23, Turner has called the crisis a military failure and political disaster24, whilst Lapping has referred to it as the imperial cataclysm25 in decolonisation acceleration. The crisis was highly influential in the eventual collapse of the British Empire in Africa but it did not lead directly to decolonisation, rather greatly accelerated it. The rise of nationalism within the African colonies inevitably accelerated decolonisation; advocates of this theory argue that for decolonisation to occur there needs to be an opposition force to the status quo government (in this case, colonial British rule), thereby giving the people a choice. Looking throughout history at the Empire as a whole gives this theory credibility: look at the violent independence battles of the 13 North American colonies in 1783 or India in 1947, and compare that to the peaceful colony of the Falkland Islands which still exists today. The previous decolonisation record of the British government, plus the 1947 granting of independence to India, no doubt sent the message that it was only a matter of time before the African colonies were decolonised. India specifically was the jewel in the crown of the British Empire and as such its decolonisation will have led many, both in the colonies and abroad, to see the Empire as deteriorating. This accelerated nationalist movements within the African colonies, with India referencing the beginning of the end. After all, if India could be granted independence through a powerful and violent nationalist movement, then why couldnt the other far less prestigious colonies? Indian independence inspired others to rise up and attempt to take back control of their lands, accelerating the decolonisation process for British Africa. Similarly, plus to reiterate an earlier point, the Suez Crisis accelerated nationalism: Nasser appeared to be the David who had managed to annihilate the imperialist Goliath. This inspired nationalism in other colonies to grow and attempt to take back control of their lands: after all, if Nasser could manage it then why couldnt they? Harold MacMillans Winds of Change speech four years later further inspired this nationalism as, for the first time, the government officially acknowledged the inevitability of decolonisation. The speech sent the message to many colonial peoples that nationalism was acceptable: for the first time in almost 100 hundred years, power was given to the Africans. MacMillan was acknowledging that the British government could no longer afford to sustain an Empire and would be willing to pass power to the local peoples if they should so wish. The speech had a great effect as over the next ten years 88% of Britains remaining African colonies were granted independence; by 1968, only two remained. Nationalism was suddenly acceptable which encouraged those who may have been content to be a colony to rise up against imperialism. This speech, combined with Britains poor economic situation and damaged credibility following Suez, vastly accelerated decolonisation. Moreover, the vast majority of British colonies were underdeveloped both economically and socially which further advanced nationalism. Take Nigeria for instance: the peoples were so against colonial oppression many began to strike from work a surprisingly Western phenomenon implying the people were more integrated than they may have wished to believe. It is estimated that from 1945-50, over 100,000 working days were lost in Nigeria to strike action against colonial rule26. Even the Gold Coast (the very model27 of a colony) was not free of such demonstrations against imperialism: February 1948 witnessed a violent protest, resulting in the deaths of two British servicemen28. One only has to look at Kenya and the Mau Mau rebellions to see further evidence of increasing dissent with British imperialism. It had, to use the words of one modern historian, turned into a rapid scuttle29 of local nationalism. The Gold Coast was decolonized in 1957 but had been allowed to gradually master the art of modern government over many years, leading to a much more stable society post-independence, making it the very model of decolonisation30. In comparison, when Nigeria was swiftly decolonised in 1960 the government was a weak coalition with limited power two army coups followed in 1964 and 1966. Britains damaged reputation in the continent prevented stable governments from being created, resulting in far more fragile states today. French Algeria (despite been a province of the metropole) saw terrible violence between the FLN and colons: to use a term of warfare, the Algerian nationalists utilised violent guerrilla tactics to spread their cause, resulting in a great amount of destruction and loss of life. Algeria bullied itself into independence in 1962 further showing that imperial metropoles were not as powerful as they once were. It is an exaggeration perhaps, but it can be said that the Suez Crisis was the first instance which led to these new states political and economic troubles which still exist today. Look at Egypt and South Africa today or, from a more international perspective, India and Australia, all of which were granted independence pre-1956 and compare them to the troubled states of Nigeria, Kenya (1963) and Somalia (1960). The acceleration of British decolonisation in the latter half of the 20th century is the opposite of what the government and imperialists like the legendary Cecil Rhodes would have imagined just 60-70 years previously. They had fought sometimes bloody battles for the expansion of the British Empire into the less civilised areas of the world, yet now the government was seemingly trying to get rid of the Empire in as rapid and inefficient way as possible. Multiple factors account for the sudden acceleration of decolonisation, but most come back to the actions of the British: if Britain had, for instance, provided more support and direct governance in a Westernised style (as seen in the Gold Coast), her colonies would have developed at a greater rate leading to a greater level of content from the colonial peoples. However her neglect and exploitation of her own people led to dissent within the colonies, leading many to want out before they were politically ready. The most pivotal British action which is continually referred back to is the 1956 Suez Crisis: for the first time in the Empires history, the British appeared militarily, politically and economically weak, causing many in the African colonies to quite fairly believe they could run their countries better. Nationalism was inevitable, and the international conflicts of the Cold War and the two World Wars couldnt be stopped, implying that Britain herself was responsible for the downfall of her own Empire. If the crisis hadnt occurred then the Empire would have faded away through gradual decolonisation as each territory became more economically, politically and socially developed; instead, the Crisis turned decolonisation of Africa into a rapid scuttle31, with Britain almost retreating into a corner trying to distance herself as far as possible from the embarrassment of 1956. Today, it is easy to see that decolonisation was inevitable; the Suez Crisis just accelerated that inevitability. One of the worlds greatest Empires was established by one of the most powerful countries in the world, so it is only fitting that it was destroyed by one of the most disgraced it is just unfortunate they were both Great Britain. 1 Cain, P. J. Hopkins, A. J., 1993, British Imperialism: Crisis and Deconstruction, 1914-1990 2 Hodgkin, T., 1956, Nationalism in Colonial Africa 3 Turner, B., 2006, Suez 1956: The Inside Story of the First Oil War 4 Lapping, B., 1985, End of Empire 5 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945, Pg 32 6 Thorn, G., 2008, End of Empires: European Decolonisation 1919-80, Pg 16 7 McLaughlin, J. L., 1994, The Colonial Era: British Rule of the Gold Coast 8 Ferguson, N., 2004, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World 9 Rohrer, F., 10/05/2006, BBC News [Online] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/4757181.stm] [Accessed 25/04/2010] 10 Chamberlain, M.E., 1985, Decolonisation: The Fall of the European Empires, Pg 35 11 Hobson, J.A., 1902, Imperialism: A Study 12 Lenin, V., 1916, Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism 13 Darwin, J., 1984, British Decolonization since 1945: A Pattern or a Puzzle?, Pg 197 14 Cain, P. J. Hopkins, A. J., 1993, British Imperialism: Crisis and Deconstruction, 1914-1990 15 Cain, P. J. Hopkins, A. J., 1993, British Imperialism: Innovation and Expansion, 1688-1914 16 Beckett, F., 2006, MacMillan, Pg 97 17 Wilby, P., 2006, Eden, Pg 79 18 Wilby, P., 2006, Eden, Pg 128 19 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945, Pg 85 20 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945, Pg 128 21 Wilby, P., 2006, Eden, Pg 96 22 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945, Pg 84 23 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945 24 Turner, B., 2006, Suez 1956: The Inside Story of the First Oil War 25 Lapping, B., 1985, End of Empire 26 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945, Pg 48 27 Thorn, G., 2008, End of Empires: European Decolonisation 1919-80, Pg 50 28 White, N. J., 1999, Decolonisation: The British Experience Since 1945, Pg 49 29 Lapping, B., 1985, End of Empire, Pg 227 30 Thorn, G., 2008, End of Empires: European Decolonisation 1919-80, Pg 50 31 Lapping, B., 1985, End of Empire, Pg 227